venres, 26 de outubro de 2012

antonio muñoz molina: los traductores

Ilustración de Milo Winter de
Vinte mil leguas de viaxe submarina
Lo fundamental tiende a ser o a volverse invisible. Porque son fundamentales y porque su trabajo está en todas partes los traductores tienden a desvanecerse en la invisibilidad, y también porque cuando mejor hacen su oficio menos huellas quedan de él, hasta el punto de que parece que no hayan intervenido. Notamos que una traducción “nos chirría” de una manera parecida a como notamos el chirrido en los cambios de marchas que hace un conductor atacado o inexperto. Salta una palabra rara, un giro que visiblemente pertenece a otra lengua, y solo en ese momento recapacitamos de verdad en el hecho de estar leyendo una traducción. Que pensemos casi exclusivamente en el traductor cuando intuimos que se ha equivocado es una prueba simultánea del valor de ese trabajo y del poco reconocimiento que suele recibir, más todavía en unos tiempos en los que los textos circulan por Internet sin la menor constancia de su origen y en los que algunas personas imaginan que no hay mucha diferencia entre un traductor automático y un corrector automático de ortografía.

Pero quizás siempre ha sido así. Yo reparé en que la mayor parte de los libros que leía habían sido traducidos por alguien casi tan tardíamente como en que las películas tenían un director. Llevo toda la vida agradeciendo el efecto que tuvieron sobre mi imaginación y mi vocación las novelas de Julio Verne —no me acostumbro a escribir Jules—, pero nunca he pensado en las personas casi siempre anónimas que las traducían, seguramente con muy escaso beneficio, para las editoriales Bruguera, Sopena o Molino. La primera vez que supe el nombre de uno de los traductores de Verne fue cuando en los años de avaricia lectora de la universidad encontré las nuevas traducciones de algunas de sus mejores novelas que Alianza encargó a Miguel Salabert, que también tradujo de nuevo por aquellos años La educación sentimental y Madame Bovary. Pero quién habría traducido para mí sin que yo lo supiera El conde de Montecristo, o el Diario de Daniel o Papillon o Sinuhé el egipcio, por no ponernos exquisitos en el recuento de lecturas, o aquellas páginas de La peste que me parecía adecuado llenar de frases subrayadas, quizás con la esperanza de que alguien (del sexo femenino preferiblemente) tomara nota admirativa de mi agudeza intelectual.

Un amigo editor y poeta muy querido y monstruosamente sabio me aseguraba hace poco que ha decidido dejar de leer traducciones, porque ha llegado a la convicción de que le compensa más concentrarse en las literaturas de lenguas que ya conoce. Como en su caso éstas incluyen, que yo sepa, el castellano, el catalán, el francés, el alemán, el italiano, el latín y el inglés, tengo la impresión de que mi amigo no es muy representativo. Los demás, en mayor o menor medida, necesitamos la mediación continua de los traductores, y es un indicio de nuestra creciente penuria intelectual que en estos tiempos de abaratamientos y recortes se note tanto la baja consideración del oficio, la poca recompensa que obtienen los mejores y la prisa o el descuido con que se dejan pasar traducciones mediocres o directamente inaceptables. Curiosamente, también la mala traducción tiene sus admiradores, y su influencia literaria: cada vez más encuentra uno artículos de periódico e incluso páginas de novelas que están escritos como si fueran traducciones inexpertas del inglés, o incluso atroces doblajes de películas. Se ve que por los caminos de la ignorancia y el papanatismo estamos volviendo a los tiempos de mi adolescencia, cuando las estrellas del pop autóctono no tenían idea de inglés pero afectaban un acento americano al cantar en español.

Quien más depende del traductor, claro, es el escritor mismo. Eres en otra lengua exactamente lo que tu traductor haga de ti. En la mayor parte de los casos, y salvo ese amigo mío políglota que bien puede saber más lenguas de las que yo creo, o haber aprendido alguna más desde la última vez que hablé con él por teléfono (quizás tenga todavía más capacidad de hablar por teléfono que de aprender idiomas), uno está entregado de pies y manos: un día recibes un libro que debe de ser tuyo porque está tu nombre en la portada, y quizás tu foto en la solapa, pero eso que seguramente se parecerá mucho a lo que tú escribiste hace tiempo es del todo indescifrable, a veces tanto como si estuviera escrito en los caracteres de una antigua lengua extinguida. Hace falta un acto de fe: si uno sabe cuántas veces ha disfrutado, ha aprendido, se ha emocionado, leyendo traducciones del ruso o del japonés, o del hebreo, o del griego, cabe perfectamente la posibilidad de que ahora suceda el efecto inverso. Gracias al traductor ocurrirá un prodigio: lo que tú has escrito resonará en la conciencia de alguien en una lengua del todo ajena a ti, en lugares del mundo en los que no vas a estar nunca. Personas que te parecen tan ajenas como habitantes de la Luna resulta que son casi exactamente como tú. Puedo atestiguar que casi cada día, por ejemplo, Elvira Lindo recibe desde Irán cartas de lectores adolescentes y jóvenes que se han vuelto adictos a las aventuras de Manolito Gafotas en farsi. Lo más singular, sin dejar de serlo, resulta ser inteligible en casi cualquier parte. Algo se pierde siempre hasta en la mejor traducción, pero también se gana algo, o se fortalece algo, quizás el núcleo de universalidad que hay siempre en la literatura.

Durante un par de días, en Ámsterdam, he convivido con un grupo de traductores de mis libros: al holandés, al francés, al alemán. Algunos, de tanto trabajar conmigo durante años, ya eran amigos míos: Philippe Bataillon, Willi Zurbrüggen; a los demás los he ido conociendo estos días: Jacqueline Hulst, Ester van Buuren, Adri Boon, Erik Coenen, Frieda Kleinjan-van Braam, Tineke Hillegers-Zijlmans. Un mismo libro se vuelve otro ligeramente distinto en la imaginación de cada lector: pero esa multiplicación, esa metamorfosis, es más acentuada aún en el caso de cada traductor. El traductor es el lector máximo, el lector tan completo que acaba escribiendo palabra por palabra el libro que lee. Él o ella es quien detecta los errores y los descuidos que el autor no vio y los editores no corrigieron. Él se ve forzado a medir el peso y el sentido de cada palabra con mucho más escrúpulo que el novelista mismo. Willi Zurbrüggen utilizó un término musical para hablar de su trabajo: lo que más se parece a una traducción, sobre todo entre lenguas tan distintas como el español y el alemán, es la transcripción de una pieza musical.

Escuchaba hablar a estas personas, tan distintas entre sí, tan iguales en su devoción por el trabajo que hacen, y sentía gratitud y algo de remordimiento: una palabra que yo elegí por azar o instinto, una frase a la que dediqué tal vez unos minutos, les han podido causar horas o días de desvelo. Aprender sobre los límites de lo que puede ser traducido lo hace a uno más consciente de que también hay límites a lo que las palabras mismas pueden decir.

texto publicado en el país - babelia, 29.09.2012

venres, 5 de outubro de 2012

laxas e wikipedia, 2


Amber Heard - MARTÍN VIDAL DAPARTE
ancylomenes pedersoni - DAVID VÁZQUEZ CAGIDE
Andreas Thorkildsen - IAGO PAZOS ASTRAR
Angus Young - SILVIA VILLANUEVA VILLANUEVA
Augusto Fernández - RUBÉN RODRÍGUEZ GONZÁLEZ
Blairmore School - DANIEL FERREIRO VAAMONDE
Blessthefall - JORGE BREY FERNÁNDEZ
Santillana - JUAN CARLOS ORO VIDAL
Carly Rae Jepsen - LAURA FERNÁNDEZ OTERO
Cassandra Clare - MÓNICA NOVO CUÑARRO
Castle Combe - IVÁN GARCÍA FUENTES
Centro de Educación Secundaria Valdosta - JAVIER PEÑA FISTEUS
Conkers - LAURA TORREIRO DIÉGUEZ
Criminal Minds - IRIA MARTÍNEZ VALLADARES
Eddie Daniels - ANA BLANCO DEL VALLE
Ekaterina Gordeeva - NURIA CONDE MUÍÑOS
Elena Gheorghe - PAULA CASTRO SESTO
Ivano Balic - MARCOS OTERO VÁZQUEZ
JaVale McGee - DAVID RODRÍGUEZ PEÑA
John Terry - MARCOS UTRERA IGLESIAS
Joshua Redman - DAVID GARCÍA VAL
Madame Tussauds - ELENA CACHEDA PAMPÍN
Marcelo - CRISTIAN GONZÁLEZ LOIS
Marcos Mata - IRIA SÁNCHEZ CRESPO
Marija Serifovic - ADRÍAN MÉNDEZ VARELA
Mnozil Brass - ALBERTO GARCÍA DIÉGUEZ
Pedro de Aquila - LAURA IGLESIAS RODRÍGUE
Peter Phokas - LAURA IGLESIAS RODRÍGUEZ
pádel - ANDREA CALVIÑO LODEIRO
Qualla Boundary - ALBERTO BREA RAMOS
Robert Harting - DIEGO VIANA SOTO
Roger Taylor - MARTA BESTEIRO PEREIRO
río Trent - MARTA MILLARES OTERO
Sarah Wright - MARTA FONDEVILA RODRÍGUEZ
Sebastian Loeb - ROY GONZÁLEZ PUMEDA
Secondhand Serenade - TANIA FERRADÁS SOUTO
Snake River Plain - VALERIA VARELA LÓPEZ
Stephan Dohr - MARCOS AREÁN VARELA
Stephanie Gilmore - MARÍA CASTAÑO GÓMEZ
Stephanie Meyer - SANDRA REBOREDO CACHAFEIRO
Tero Pitkämäki - JOSÉ MANUEL LORENZO HERMIDA
Thom Brennaman - NEREA LÓPEZ SA
Vinayaki - SANDRA RODRÍGUEZ CASARES
Werner Goldberg - SERGIO SERANTES BLANCO
White Collar - NAZARET FERNÁNDEZ PARGA

proposta de traballo "-wolf"

a ver quen é o wolf que traduce isto

mércores, 3 de outubro de 2012

proposta de traballo "clients' guide to translation and interpreting"

How to find a professional translator


The best way to contact a professional translator is via a national or international translators' association. They may be able to provide lists of accredited professional translators who have the language skills and specialist knowledge you require.

The same associations often also have lists of reputable agencies. Alternatively, a large number of translation agencies are listed in paper and online business directories.

In recent years steps have been taken to develop international translation quality standards. In May 2006, following close collaboration with the European Union of Associations of Translation Companies (EUATC), the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) published standard EN 15038, which certifies high-quality translation services. This standard is gaining recognition worldwide and is reflected in the European Commission's freelance tender specifications. It regulates not only the translation process itself, but also all other stages, from the initial specification to delivery of the product.

How to get the best out of translators

1. Find somebody who specialises in translating the kind of text you have from the source language into the language you need. Translation skills cannot easily be ‘reversed’ to translate the other way round, nor can they be automatically transferred from one field to another.

2. It helps if you give translators all the reference documents they might need (such as similar documents translated earlier, technical documentation and glossaries). This will make for a better result and ensure consistency.

3. Always specify the purpose and target audience of the translation. (Is it just for information or will it be published? Will it be used for advertising?) If a translation is going to be published, your quality requirements will obviously be higher and the translator will have to check the translation more carefully. If a rough translation has been provided just for information, always consult the translator before using it for any other purpose.

4. Allow enough time for translation. Remember that good translators have many clients – you are not the only one. If time really is of the essence, don't expect the translation to come cheap: urgent documents cost more. The technicality of the document and the difficulty of the original language will affect the time required to translate it.

5. Give feedback on the translation. Then the next job the translator does for you will be even better.

How to find a professional interpreter

The best place to start is by looking on the website of a national or international association of conference interpreters. They often list professional interpreters who have the skills you require.

You can also contact an interpreting agency. They are often listed in business directories. You will have to negotiate the terms and conditions directly with the interpreter(s).

How to get the best out of interpreters

1. Describe your needs as accurately as possible.

2. Provide background documents in advance and any relevant information on the topics to be discussed. It is particularly helpful to send the agenda and the minutes of the previous meeting. Badly informed interpreters can't produce high-quality work.

3. Organisers of meetings should beware of the special constraints of interpreting, whatever type is chosen. The basic prerequisites are good acoustics and visibility in the meeting room, plus equipment which meets ISO standards 2603 and 4043.

4. Experience has shown that the communication skills of the participants are paramount when working in a multilingual meeting. The more languages used and the more complex the interpretation arrangements, the more this is true.

5. When you are chairing or speaking in a multilingual meeting it is useful to think about how to get your message across through interpretation. The interpreters are there to help the meeting proceed as if everyone were speaking the same language. For tips to help you get the best possible quality of communication in your meeting and detailed advice on how to organise a meeting, to speak and to use new conference facilities, see the web page http://scic.ec.europa.eu/europa/jcms/j_9/working-with-interpreters.

6. Guidelines for speakers in webcast events are given on the web page http://scic.ec.europa.eu/europa/jcms/c_6287/guidelines-for-speakers-in-a-webcastevent.

extract and picture from Translation and interpreting: Languages in action (2009) European Commission, pp. 12-13.

proposta de traballo "key translation tools"


Internet: although not designed as a translation aid, the Internet provides unparalleled opportunities for document and terminology searches.

Translation memories: systems that automatically search for text segments that have been translated before and stored in the memory. These translated segments are then inserted in the new translation and the translator can decide whether to keep, amend or discard them. This is particularly useful for repetitive or highly standardised documents.

Terminology banks: IATE (InterActive Terminology for Europe) is one example of an online terminology database. It contains around 9 million entries and was built up by the terminologists working in all the European institutions. Since 2007 it has been freely available on the Internet.

Machine translation: provides 'raw' translations of documents for certain language pairs, based on a system of bilingual dictionaries and linguistic analysis. It can help to save time, but requires great care; the output usually has to be corrected ('post-edited') and should always be carefully checked.

Dictionaries are still used by translators as language and terminology aids. Increasingly, the printed versions are being replaced by CD-ROMs or online dictionaries.

extract and picture from Translation and interpreting: Languages in action (2009) European Commission; page 15

proposta de traballo "work areas for translators and interpreters"

Translators and interpreters can work in the public sector (as national, European or international civil servants), in the private sector (as employees of commercial companies, translation agencies, etc.) and in community groups and voluntary organisations.

Translators and interpreters either work in-house as salaried employees or are self-employed as freelances. It is also possible to work as both a translator and an interpreter.

There are many types of translation: 'general', financial, legal, technical (medical, scientific, computers, etc.), literary, marketing material, news reports.

Translation does not always mean writing out the full text. Translators are often asked to produce written summaries of long documents or to give a quick verbal translation, so that the client can identify which passages in a lengthy document need translating word for word, or just get the general gist of the text.

Web translation is increasingly important in today's multimedia society. Texts for the web must be short, easy to read and drafted in a web-friendly style. Web translation often involves editing the original text.

Not to mention ... film subtitles, adverts, patents, software and computer games, cartoon strips.

The translator's job often involves other skills too, such as revision and editing, project management, prospecting for business and the ability to manage a company.

Conference interpreters are trained for three main types of work:

Consecutive interpreting: the interpreter sits with the delegates, listens to the speech and renders it at the end, in a different language, generally with the aid of notes. Although nowadays consecutive interpreting has been largely replaced by simultaneous, it is still useful for certain kinds of meetings (working lunches, field trips, etc.).

Simultaneous interpreting: the interpreter works in a sound-proofed booth with at least one colleague. The speaker in the meeting room talks into a microphone, and the interpreter listens in through a headset and repeats the message into a microphone almost simultaneously. The delegates in the meeting room select the channel offering the language of their choice.

Whispering: this is a form of simultaneous interpreting in which the interpreter sits (or stands) between the delegates and interprets directly into the listener's ear, in most cases without using any form of interpreting equipment.

Conference interpreters have to work in all kinds of situations: committees and conferences, discussions between heads of state, prime ministers, etc., business meetings and trade
negotiations.

Interpreters are often called into courts, hospitals, police stations, immigration offices, etc. This is known as 'public service interpreting'. In many countries it requires special qualifications because of the highly sensitive nature of the work. The Interpretation DG is currently looking at training needs for legal interpreters.

Sign-language interpreting: at conferences and meetings, interpreting between spoken languages and sign languages, used by the hearing-impaired community all over the world, is usually provided in simultaneous mode.

Not to mention ... TV and radio interviews, internet chats, videoconferences.

NOTE: ‘conference interpreter’ is a job title indicating a high level of skill. Conference interpreters don’t just work at conferences – they’re trained to work in all kinds of situations.

extract and picture from Translation and interpreting: Languages in action (2009) European Commission, pp. 10-11

proposta de traballo "difference between translation and interpreting"


Translators have to write texts that accurately convey the message and content of the original document and are grammatical and readable in the target language.

A good translation should read like a document in its own right. In many cases, for example legislation, the translation is 'authentic', which means it has the same legal force as the original version.

Faithful translations and interpretation reflect both the intention of the author or speaker and the style and register of the language used.

Interpreters provide spoken versions that convey, in another language, the message and intentions of the original speaker.

Unlike translators, interpreters are seen by their customers. They make face-to-face communication possible. Interpreters speak in the first person and become the voice of the speaker. They express the speaker's ideas and convictions with the same intensity and same shades of meaning, and without ever adding their own views or comments.

Both interpreters and translators must understand all the shades of meaning of the source language, so that they can reproduce it as faithfully and naturally as possible in the target language. This also requires excellent drafting skills and the ability to think on your feet!

Skills needed by professional translator and conference interpreters

The ability to understand is essential for both translation and interpreting. You can't express the content of a speech or text clearly unless you have understood it in the first place. So translators and interpreters must have a thorough knowledge of the source language, a well-developed ability to analyse and some knowledge of the subject-matter.

But understanding is not enough. Interpreters and translators must be able to re-express this information accurately and eloquently so it can be used by their target audience.

They must know how to find the right register for a given situation, for a document (written) or speech (oral).

Translators' skills

Excellent drafting skills, in order to produce texts that don't sound like translations.

Thoroughness and accuracy, so that they remain true to the spirit of the original and all the information it contains. Specialised translation is impossible without terminology and document research and liaison with specialists in the field.

Translators must have an enquiring mind, a desire to learn and a sense of initiative. Translators often have to work under pressure (to short deadlines), so they must be adaptable and able to get their priorities right and organise their work.

Freelances must also have the ability to market and manage their business.

Increasingly, translators must be computer-literate and able to use a range of software applications to optimise their work.

Interpreters' skills

Conference interpreters must be effective communicators, at least as spellbinding as the speakers.

Conference interpreters must keep rigorously up to date with world affairs and the areas in which they work. Increasingly, interpreters must be computer-literate and able to use a wide range of research tools. When the microphone is on, there is no time to look things up in dictionaries and encyclopaedias: the interpreter has to be on the ball.

Interpreters work without a safety net and must possess the gifts of intuition and flexibility, coupled with rapid reactions that enable them to tackle any subject by any speaker without being thrown.

Interpreters must possess diplomatic skills and be sensitive to the context and the situation in which they're speaking if they are to convey the speaker's intention correctly.

extract from  Translation and interpreting: Languages in action European Commission  (2009), pp. 6-7